Scientist Job in National Institute of Hydrology,Roorkee,India

Five Most Extreme Hydrologic Events that changed the World

Typhoon Tip, Philipines(Collected from : CSMonitor ) Devastating storms, severe flood, acute famine conditions, etc. hydrological events of extreme nature has changed human history. Any event which is not normal is known as an abnormal event. In the case of hydrology, an event that has a return period of more than 100 years is considered Extreme. According to Herring(2020) of Climate.gov, "An extreme event is a time and place in which weather, climate, or environmental conditions—such as temperature, precipitation, drought, or flooding—rank above a threshold value near the upper or lower ends of the range of historical measurements." Though the threshold is not objective, few researchers have defined "extreme events as those that occur in the highest or lowest 5% or 10% of historical measurements". Some have described events by their deviation from the mean, or by their occurrence interval. Here the most severe five extreme hydrologic events were discussed which

Arsenic responsible for gallbladder cancer ?

In a recent study, it was found that "chronic arsenic exposure in drinking water even at low-moderate levels can cause...Gall Bladder Cancer(GBC)". Assam and Bihar are two states in the country that report maximum GBC cases and they have maximum Arsenic load in groundwater or tubewell water that they consume. This link between GBC cases and the amount of Arsenic in water imbibes the conclusion that the more Arsenic more will be the risk of GBC. The study area was Assam and Bihar where a load of Arsenic varies from 10g/l to even 1500g/l. The sample population used in the study has a residential time span of 15 to 70 years which ensures minimum to maximum exposure to the groundwater of the area. When the Arsenic load is 1.3 to 8.9g/l risk of GBC is two times whereas when the load is 9.1 to 448.3g/l the risk is 2.4 times. But the point here is for a change in Arsenic concentration from 8.9 to 448.3g/l (i.e.,49.37 times) the cases of GBC rose by 20%. Is this sensitivity suffic